Graphs, charts, and compelling photographs identified throughout the text depict the practical elements of investigation and support to clarify difficult scientific concepts. This book is often a practical, applied textbook that succinctly but comprehensively covers investigative tools and strategies as well as established investigative procedures.
The text stresses practical procedures, strategies, and applications of private and public investigations to offer students having a solid foundation in criminal investigation.
The book seamlessly integrates coverage of modern investigative tools alongside discussion of established investigation policies, procedures, and approaches for the law enforcement officer.
As this text has grown from its original edition, it has created and kept abreast in the newest innovations in technology, police tactics, procedures, and operations. It took me 13 days to read this book. I never before tried reading two book simultaneously until this time. I felt I had to; this book requires total mental concentration that you feel drained out rapidly. I had to take my mind away with some other reading.
I highly recommend this book. This book was interesting enough. I read it for my criminal investigation class. That I had to take, that I didn't like. The book was interesting enough.
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Reports are permanent written records of important facts of a case to be used in the future and are a crucial and necessary cog in the wheel of justice.
While it is important to keep notes, the report is the permanent record of all important facts in a case. For example, several months later the witness might not remember exactly what she had observed, but a prompt from the officer or a leading question based on the report might help the witness recall her own observations.
Fact: The child ran out of the house, down the brick steps and directly out into the street without looking to either side. Consider the case of an officer called to the scene of a hit-and-run. The initial accident report will be used to continue the investigation of the offense. If the offender is apprehended, the report will be used by the prosecuting attorneys in preparing the case, by the responding police officer when testifying in court, by the judge in determining the facts of the case and by the jury if a trial results.
The report might also be used by the department in determining where dangerous intersections exist and in making future plans.
Many departments use box-style law enforcement report forms for certain offenses and incidents. In contrast, narrative reports that do not use the box-style format include descriptive information, addresses and phone numbers within the body of the narrative.
Words that have little emotional effect, for example, cried , are called denotative words. The denotative meaning of a word is its objective meaning.
In contrast, words that do have an emotional effect are called connotative words, for example, wept, blubbered. The connotative meaning of a word comprises its positive or negative overtones. Inculpatory evidence is evidence that supports a prosecution whereas exculpatory evidence supports a defense. Officers should include all known material, statements, and evidence in reports.
Doing so supports the criminal justice system and the carriage of justice. It also helps avoid civil liability and the reversal of convictions. OBJ: Identify the types of evidence most commonly found in criminal investigations and how to collect, identify and package each type. OBJ: Describe various methods of packaging and transporting evidence to a department or a laboratory.
OBJ: Describe how to preserve such things as glass fragments, soil samples, safe insulation material, rope, tapes, liquids and documents. OBJ: Illustrate how to preserve tools that might have been used in the crime, as well as the marks they made.
Class characteristics are the features that place an item into a specific category. For example, the size and shape of a tool mark may indicate that the tool used was a screwdriver rather than a pry bar. Individual characteristics are the features that distinguish one item from another of the same type. For example, chips and wear patterns in the blade of a screwdriver may leave marks that are distinguishable from those of any other screwdriver. Cameras and film; chalk and chalk line; compass; containers boxes, bags of all sizes and shapes, lightweight plastic or paper; telescoping or collapsible glass bottles and new paint containers ; crayon or magic marker; envelopes, all sizes; fingerprint kit; first-aid kit; flashlight and batteries; knife; labels, all sizes; magnifier; measuring tape, steel; mirror with collapsible handle; money; notebook; paper; pencils, pens; picks; plaster; pliers; protractor; rope; ruler, carpenter-type; ruler, straightedge; scissors; screwdrivers, standard and Phillips; scribe; sketching supplies; spatula; string; tags; templates; tongue depressors, wooden; tubes, glass, with stoppers; tweezers; wrecking bar.
Make sure items of evidence do not touch one another. When using the same tool for several tasks, thoroughly clean the tool after each use to prevent cross-contamination. An article of clothing can be used as a scent article, or scent evidence can be collected by placing a sterile gauze pad on an item of evidence.
A Scent Transfer Unit uses a vacuum system to trap scent on gauze. If no scent article is available, the Scent Transfer Unit can be put in a closed room to vacuum the air for 5 minutes to try to capture a scent.
These scent pads can be presented to a tracking dog or placed in a freezer for preservation. Material evidence forms a substantive part of the case or has a legitimate and effective influence on the decision of the case. Relevant evidence applies to the matter in question. Competent evidence has been properly collected, identified, filed and continuously secured. Latent fingerprints are impressions transferred to a surface, either by sweat on the ridges of the fingers or because the fingers carry residue of oil, dirt, blood or other substance.
Latent prints are not readily seen but can be developed through powders or chemicals. They are normally left on nonporous surfaces. Visible fingerprints are made when fingers are dirty or stained. They occur primarily on glossy or light-colored surfaces and can be dusted and lifted. Plastic fingerprints, one form of visible print, are impressions left in soft substances such as putty, grease, tar, butter or soft soap. These prints are photographed, not dusted. Probabilities play a large role in determining the value of evidence.
Fingerprints and DNA, for example, provide positive identification. In contrast, blood type does not provide positive identification, but it can help eliminate a person as a suspect. Some objects have identification marks on them. Other evidence requires a comparison to be of value—a tire impression matching a tire, a bullet matching a specific revolver, a torn piece of clothing matching a shirt. To minimize contamination of a crime scene and the evidence within, cordon off the area and keep all unnecessary people, including police officers, outside the scene perimeter.
An investigator should use a UV light for some kinds of hard-to-see evidence—small amounts of semen, for instance, or fibers. The defense raised questions about how blood samples were collected, preserved and examined. To avoid such problems, use disposable instruments or clean them thoroughly before and after handling each sample; avoid talking, sneezing, and coughing over evidence; air-dry evidence thoroughly before packaging; and put evidence into new paper bags or envelopes, not into plastic bags, and never use staples.
Latent fingerprints are impressions transferred to a surface, either by sweat on the ridges of the fingers or because the fingers carry residue of oil, dirt, blood or other substances.
In hit-and-run cases, collect paint samples from any area of the vehicle that had contact with the victim. Take paint samples down to the original metal to show the layer composition. Use small boxes for submitting paint samples to the crime lab, putting samples from different parts of the vehicle in separate small boxes. If paint chips are on the clothing of the victim or suspect, send the entire article of clothing in a paper bag to the laboratory, properly labeled and identified.
If adequate human skeletal remains are available, the sex, race, approximate age at death, approximate height and approximate time since death can be determined.
Dental comparisons and X-rays of old fractures are other important identifying features or individual characteristics. Your email address will not be published.
Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Skip to content Selected: Criminal Investigation 10th Edition…. Previous Product. Category: Criminology. The term PC probable cause is needed in which report? Being concise means to a. Which of the following is not a benefit of a well-written report? It helps the criminal justice system operate more efficiently and effectively. It reduces liability for the department and officer.
It reflects positively on the investigator who wrote it. It is geared subjectively to enhance prosecution. Citizen Online Report Writing is appropriate for a. Officers should not write reports in the a. Due process disclosure of what type of evidence must be determined and made by the prosecutor? Which is not associated with some of the common problems with police reports? Investigative reports are read by many people and used for many purposes. Which of the following is not an example of how a report would typically be used?
Plan for future law enforcement services. Compile statistics on crime in a given jurisdiction. Provide information to insurance investigators. In a police report, the majority of statements should be a.
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